Promethease Report

discussed in this blog post as possibly playing a role in coronary heart disease This SNP was also associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease in a Korean population. The association remained significant after adjusting for significant clinical covariates (P=0.001 to 0.024). We identified one risk haplotype (GGGG; P=0.017) and one protective haplotype (AAAA; P=0.007) for development of CAD. Further analysis suggested that the SNPs probably confer susceptibility to CAD in a dominance model (covariates-adjusted P=0.001 to 0.024; OR=2.37 to 1.54). Also found to be significant in a study of 416 Italian myocardial infarction patients. Found to be associated with coronary heart disease in a study of 1360 Chinese Han patients, with an odds ratio of 1.52 (CI: 1.13 - 2.04) for rs2383...

rs10757274 is a SNP located in chromosomal region 9p21; to date (2009), it is the strongest genetic predictor of early myocardial infarction (heart attack) discovered so far. SNPs in this region are also associated with increased risk of stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and intracranial aneurysm. Based on a large (20,000+) study primarily of Caucasian females, it appears that on its own, this single SNP does not improve on the discrimination or classification of predicted heart disease risk achieved by traditional risk factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and a family history of premature myocardial infarction. rs10757274 and rs2383206 can double the risk of heart diseaseAbout one in every four Caucasians are thought to carry the gene variants. rs10757278] in the same regi...

rs1136287, also known as Met72Thr, is a SNP in the PEDF gene. Analysis of 86 Taiwanese Chinese patients with wet age related macular degeneration (ARMD) found the (T) allele to be more frequent in patients than in controls (50% vs 31%; p =.0005). The rs1136287(T;T) genotype was also more prevalent in patients than in controls (odds ratio 3.9, p = .0015).

linked to blindness in age related macular degeneration rs3753394, rs800292, rs1061147, rs1061170, rs380390, and rs1329428 Significant associations were detected for AMD with rs3753394 rs800292 rs1329428 A haplotype of rs1061170 rs3753394 rs800292 rs1329428 (TGTC) was found to confer a significantly increased likelihood of exudative AMD CFH variations appear to contribute to ARMD in Caucasians, but not in Japanese [GWAS:None]

may influence age related macular degeneration (damage to the eye with ageing) when part of the haplotype of rs1061170 rs3753394 rs800292 rs1329428 (TGTC), but does not appear to do so alone. age related macular degeneration [GWAS:Age-related macular degeneration]

rs3775291 is a SNP in the TLR3 gene associated with an amino acid change in the corresponding protein. In the orientation as shown in dbSNP, the more common rs3775291(G) allele encodes a leucine while the rarer rs3775291(A) allele encodes a phenylalanine. rs3775291 has been associated with one form of age related macular degeneration (ARMD), specifically, the form known as 'dry' ARMD, also known as geographic atrophy. A study of 3 case-control groups of Americans of European descent, comprising about 900 ARMD patients in total, indicated that having one rs3775291(A) allele reduces the odds of having dry ARMD about 30%, and being a rs3775291(A;A) homozygote cuts your odds by more than half. Specifically, the odds ratio of having dry ARMD with one minor allele is 0.712 (CI: 0.50-1.0), and fo...

rs800292 is a SNP in the complement factor H CFH gene; it has been linked to blindness in age related macular degeneration. This SNP is also known as 184G>A, I62V, or Val62Ile. A haplotype of rs1061170 rs3753394 rs800292 rs1329428 (TGTC) was found to confer a significantly increased likelihood of exudative AMD CFH variations appear to contribute to ARMD in Caucasians, but not in Japanese A study of Chinese AMD patients reports that carriers of both rs11200638 and rs800292 risk alleles pushes the odds ratio for AMD up to 23x. Overall, an 'extremely high' population attributable risk (PAR) of 78% reported for these SNPs. rs800292 was associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a study of 130 Japanese patients. age related macular degeneration Susceptibility genes for age-re...

23andMe blog females with one copy of rs5968255(C) progressed from HIV infection to AIDS more slowly with an average of eight years, nearly four times more than females with no copies or males. The search for host genetic factors of HIV/AIDS pathogenesis in the post-genome era: progress to date and new avenues for discovery. Genome-wide association study SNPs in the human genome diversity project populations: does selection affect unlinked SNPs with shared trait associations? HIV Progression

The rs1799971(G) allele in exon 1 of the mu opioid receptor OPRM1 gene causes the normal amino acid at residue 40, asparagine (Asn), to be replaced by aspartic acid (Asp). In the literature this SNP is also known as A118G, N40D, or Asn40Asp. Carriers of at least one rs1799971(G) allele appear to have stronger cravings for alcohol than carriers of two rs1799971(A) alleles, and are thus hypothesized to be more at higher risk for alcoholism. However, subsequent research results are mixed, and there are other studies both agreeing or disagreeing with this finding Among 200+ alcoholics treated with naltrexone, rs1799971(G) carriers receiving the drug (even without behavioral intervention) had an increased percentage of days abstinent (p = .07) and a decreased percentage of heavy drinking days (...

This SNP in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene, rs1800629, is also known as the TNF-308 SNP. Occasionally the rs1800629(A) allele is referred to as 308.2 or TNF2, with the more common (G) allele being 308.1 or TNF1. The (A) allele is associated with higher levels of TNF expression. This SNP has been linked to a wide variety of conditions: * Allograft rejection ** Among 72 Polish patients receiving a kidney transplant, the risk of acute kidney allograft rejection was 2.5x higher among rs1800629(A) carriers compared to (G;G) homozygotes (CI: 1.19- 5.37, p<.05). * Asthma ** A meta-analysis of ~2,500 patients combined indicated that the rs1800629(A) allele was associated with a 1.46x increased risk for asthma. ** In a study of ~600 Mexican families and their asthmatic children, rs1800629(...

rs6265, also known as Val66Met, is a SNP in brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF gene. The more common G allele encodes the Val, while the A allele encodes Met. Met/A allele associated with introversion The A allele may also be protective against depression when subjected to repeated defeat g2b2mh blog On a driving-based motor learning task subjects with this genotype showed greater error during short-term learning and poorer retention over 4 days, relative to subjects without the polymorphism. The presence of this BDNF polymorphism is associated with differences in brain motor system function, altered short-term plasticity, and greater error in short-term motor learning. Wired discusses the research as does 23andMe blog. Alzheimer's disease risk for non ApoE4 carriers is affected by the...

While the ApoE4 allele (rs429358(C)) is widely accepted as the predominant genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, there are likely to be numerous other factors, both genetic and environmental, associated to lesser degrees with susceptibility to the disease. Genes influencing the immune system, and in particular susceptibility to viral infections such as herpes, may be among such factors. This SNP, located in the TAP2 gene and thus implicated in the activation of HIV and HSV-1 viruses, is seen more commonly in ~300 Alzheimer patients than in the same number of controls. The risk allele is rs241448(C). The odds ratio is reported to be 2.14 (CI: 1.02-2.55) for rsrs241448(C;C) homozygotes, and 1.51 (CI: 0.80-1.93) for rsrs241448(C;T) heterozygotes, compared with rsrs241448(T;T) homozygot...

This SNP has been related to ageing and exceptional long life. A study in Ashkenazi Jews showed that individuals homozygotic for the G allele have significantly longer lifespans. New research also indicates that G homozygotes have an average of 70% less risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The study also found that heterozygotes have a lower risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease but more study is needed to determine the risk reduction for heterozygotes. See Association of a Functional Polymorphism in the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Gene With Memory Decline and Incidence of Dementia and CETP Variant Linked to Slower Cognitive Decline and Reduced Dementia Risk . [PharmGKB:Curated Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: CETP V405 valine homozygosity (GG genoty...

The ancestral allele is C. The rs7412(T) allele, also known as Arg176Cys, generally indicates the presence of an Apoε2 allele; see the ApoE page for a full discussion of the ApoE alleles and their association with Alzheimer's disease. Another SNP related to ApoE is rs429358. In a study of 67 mostly Caucasian patients prescribed the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine, carriers of a rs7412(C) allele were more likely to gain significant weight compared to rs7412(T;T) carriers, as assessed by physiogenomic analysis of corresponding weight profiles. Two other SNPs, rs5092 and rs4765623, were also significantly associated with weight profiles in these patients. Current limitations of SNP data from the public domain for studies of complex disorders: a test for ten candidate genes for obesity and o...

rs3825776, a SNP in the region of the LIPC gene on chromosome 15, has been associated with the sporadic form of ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) in a study of 1000+ European patients. The odds ratio for the risk allele rs3825776(G) is 1.34 (CI: 1.12 - 1.46).

discussed in this blog post as possibly playing a role in coronary heart disease This SNP was also associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease in a Korean population. The association remained significant after adjusting for significant clinical covariates (P=0.001 to 0.024). We identified one risk haplotype (GGGG; P=0.017) and one protective haplotype (AAAA; P=0.007) for development of CAD. Further analysis suggested that the SNPs probably confer susceptibility to CAD in a dominance model (covariates-adjusted P=0.001 to 0.024; OR=2.37 to 1.54). Also found to be significant in a study of 416 Italian myocardial infarction patients. Found to be associated with coronary heart disease in a study of 1360 Chinese Han patients, with an odds ratio of 1.52 (CI: 1.13 - 2.04) for rs2383...

23andMe blog aneurysm *rs700651 2 G 1.18x risk 1.56x risk *rs10958409 8 A 1.37x risk 1.79x risk *rs1333040 9 T 1.29x risk 1.67x risk Brain Aneurysm [PharmGKB:Non-Curated GWAS results: Susceptibility loci for intracranial aneurysm in European and Japanese populations. (Initial Sample Size: 1,580 European cases, 6,276 European controls; Replication Sample Size: 495 Japanese cases, 676 Japanese controls); (Region: 8q11.23; Reported Gene(s): SOX17; Risk Allele: rs10958409-A); (p-value= 0.0000000001).This variant is associated with Intracranial aneurysm.] [OMIM:ANEURYSM, INTRACRANIAL BERRY, 10] [GWAS:Intracranial aneurysm]

A common variant on chromosome 9p21 affects the risk of myocardial infarction, and is further discussed in this blog post 23andMe blog aneurysm *rs700651 2 G 1.18x risk 1.56x risk *rs10958409 8 A 1.37x risk 1.79x risk *rs1333040 9 T 1.29x risk 1.67x risk Brain Aneurysm [PharmGKB:Non-Curated GWAS results: Susceptibility loci for intracranial aneurysm in European and Japanese populations. (Initial Sample Size: 1,580 European cases, 6,276 European controls; Replication Sample Size: 495 Japanese cases, 676 Japanese controls); (Region: 9q21.3; Reported Gene(s): CDKN2A, CDKN2B; Risk Allele: rs1333040-T); (p-value= 0.0000000001).This variant is associated with Intracranial aneurysm.] [OMIM:ANEURYSM, INTRACRANIAL BERRY, 6] [GWAS:Intracranial aneurysm]

Based on a large study (~6,000 cases and 14,000 controls) of both European and Japanese populations, the rs9298506(A) allele has been associated with higher risk of aneurysm, with an odds ratio per allele of 1.28 (CI:1.20-1.38, p=1.0e-06). Brain Aneurysm [PharmGKB:Non-Curated GWAS results: Susceptibility loci for intracranial aneurysm in European and Japanese populations. (Initial Sample Size: 1,580 European cases, 6,276 European controls; Replication Sample Size: 495 Japanese cases, 676 Japanese controls); (Region: 8q11.23-q12.1; Reported Gene(s): SOX17; Risk Allele: rs9298506-A); (p-value= 0.000000002).This variant is associated with Intracranial aneurysm.] [OMIM:?] [GWAS:Intracranial aneurysm]

SNP rs10889677, in the IL23R gene, is associated with increased risk for Crohn's disease in both Jewish and non-Jewish populations. The same risk allele for this SNP has been associated with increased risk for ankylosing spondylitis in a large study of over 1,000 Caucasian patients. The odds ratio is 1.3 (p=1.3x10e-6). In a study of 216 North American patients with Graves' disease, the C allele of rs10889677 was 2.03x overrepresented (p=1.3x10^–4), and the homozygous rs10889677(C;C) genotype was also overrepresented (2.36x; p=1.4x10^-4) in Graves ophthalmopathy patients. A genome-wide association study using DNA samples from 1,052 individuals with ulcerative colitis and preexisting data from 2,571 controls, all of European ancestry, concluded t...

rs10865331 is a SNP in chromosomal region 2p15. After initial GWAS reports linked this SNP to ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a follow-up study in 456 Spanish patients replicated the association between the rs10865331(A) allele and higher risk for AS (p = 0.039). In a 2010 report, the AA genotype was associated with 1.3x odds of ankylosing spondylitis, and the GG genotype with 0.8x odds, compared to the AG genotype. [OMIM:?] [GWAS:Ankylosing spondylitis]

A relatively rare allele at SNP rs11209026, in the IL23R gene, appears to provide a fairly strong protective effect against the development of Crohn's disease in both Jewish and non-Jewish populations. Note that in this study the (A;A) and (A;G) genotypes were combined for statistical reasons (there were too few (A;A) individuals to study by themselves), so the risk is shown as equal for both. associated With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases but Not With Celiac Disease rs11209026 had a protective effect for IBD in the case-control analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.37, P= 6.6E-09). Both CD (OR 0.14, CI 0.06-0.37, P= 3.9E-07) and UC (OR 0.33, CI 0.15-0.73, P= 1.4E-03) were associated with IL23R. rs2241880 was associated with CD susceptibility (OR 1.36, CI 1.12-1....

rs11465804 is one of several SNPs in the IL23R gene that has been shown in a large (over 1,000 Caucasian patients) study to be associated with ankylosing spondylitis. The odds ratio is 0.68 (p=0.0002). [PharmGKB:Non-Curated GWAS results: Genome-wide association study for Crohn's disease in the Quebec Founder Population identifies multiple validated disease loci (Initial Sample Size: 382 trios; Replication Sample Size: 521 trios, 750 cases, 828 controls). This variant is associated with Crohn's disease. This variant is associated with Crohn's disease.] [GWAS:Crohn's disease] [GWAS:Crohn's disease]

rs2104286 has also been reported in a large study to be associated with type-1 diabetes. The risk allele (oriented to the dbSNP entry) is (A); the odds ratio associated with heterozygotes is 1.30 (CI 1.02-1.65), and for homozygotes, 1.57 (CI 1.25-1.99). The same (A) allele of rs2104286, which is located in the first intron of the IL2RA gene, was calculated to confer a slight increase (19%) in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. [PMID tbd; NEJM 357, 29 July 2007, DA Hafler et al.] Note that the (A) allele is the most common at this position in all known populations. blog post giving perspective on the significance of this SNP with respect to multiple sclerosis news announcement rs2104286 was significantly associated with UK cases of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)(allelic odds ra...

This SNP in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene, rs1800629, is also known as the TNF-308 SNP. Occasionally the rs1800629(A) allele is referred to as 308.2 or TNF2, with the more common (G) allele being 308.1 or TNF1. The (A) allele is associated with higher levels of TNF expression. This SNP has been linked to a wide variety of conditions: * Allograft rejection ** Among 72 Polish patients receiving a kidney transplant, the risk of acute kidney allograft rejection was 2.5x higher among rs1800629(A) carriers compared to (G;G) homozygotes (CI: 1.19- 5.37, p<.05). * Asthma ** A meta-analysis of ~2,500 patients combined indicated that the rs1800629(A) allele was associated with a 1.46x increased risk for asthma. ** In a study of ~600 Mexican families and their asthmatic children, rs1800629(...

This SNP is upstream of the IL10 gene, and is also known as the -1082G>A IL10 SNP. Dust mite exposure modifies the effect of functional IL10 polymorphisms on allergy and asthma exacerbations. Dust mite exposure significantly modified the relation between 3 SNPs in IL10 (rs1800896, rs3024492, and rs3024496). Homozygosity for the minor allele of each of the 3 SNPs was associated with increased risk of occurrence ( approximately 3-fold to 39-fold increase). A study of 258 prostate cancer cases concluded that the rs1800896(A) allele, known to result in lower levels of this anti-inflammatory cytokine, was positively associated with risk (AG vs. GG, odds ratio of 1.69, CI: 1.10-2.60; AA vs. GG, OR of 1.81, CI: 1.11-2.96).

Asthma

rs37973 is a SNP in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid induced transcript 1 GLCCI1 gene on chromosome 7. Based on 4 populations totaling 900+ asthma patients, the rs37973(G) allele was associated (p = 0.0007, pooled data) with lower amounts of improvement of lung function in response to inhaled glucocorticoids such as budesonide. The mean (±SE) increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in treated rs37973(G;G) patients was about one third of that seen in rs37973(A;A) patients (3.2±1.6% vs. 9.4±1.1%). Based on dividing the response into highest vs lowest quartiles of response, the allelic odds ratio of falling into the lowest responding quartile based on an additive genetic model was calculated to be 1.52 (CI: 1.13 - 2.03). Genotype accounted for about 7% of overall inha...

rs6265, also known as Val66Met, is a SNP in brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF gene. The more common G allele encodes the Val, while the A allele encodes Met. Met/A allele associated with introversion The A allele may also be protective against depression when subjected to repeated defeat g2b2mh blog On a driving-based motor learning task subjects with this genotype showed greater error during short-term learning and poorer retention over 4 days, relative to subjects without the polymorphism. The presence of this BDNF polymorphism is associated with differences in brain motor system function, altered short-term plasticity, and greater error in short-term motor learning. Wired discusses the research as does 23andMe blog. Alzheimer's disease risk for non ApoE4 carriers is affected by the...

This SNP, located in an intron of the BTBD9 gene, has a variant that is seen somewhat more frequently in individuals with restless legs syndrome. The risk allele is rs3923809(A); carriers of two such alleles, i.e. those with rs3923809(A;A) genotypes, are estimated to be 1.9 fold more likely to have restless legs syndrome than rs3923809(G;G) individuals. The authors of this study suggest that perhaps half of the cases of restless legs syndrome may involve the rs3923809 risk genotypes. Consistent with this finding, another report about rs3923809 links the (G) minor allele to a lower frequency of restless legs syndrome with an overall odds ratio of 0.57 (CI: 0.48-0.68). Note that 70-80% of all individuals in European populations carry one or two copies of the (A) major allele, yet restless le...

rs1801260, a SNP in the CLOCK gene known as 3111 T/C, has been reported to influence sleep and activity patterns in patients affected by bipolar depression. From this article's abstract: 'Compared to T/T homozygotes, carriers of the C allele had a similar degree of severity of depression, but showed higher activity levels in the evening, a delayed sleep onset (mean 79 min later), and a reduced amount of sleep during the night (mean 75 min less).' Allele frequencies of T3111C SNP of hClock were significantly different between schizophrenics and controls (chi(2) = 19.738, P < 0.05). Schizophrenics had a significantly higher frequency of the C allele compared with controls (OR = 2.613, 95% CI = 1.693-4.034). (Han Chinese population.) There was a strong, significant association (P < 0.00...

rs6710341, a SNP located in the MEIS1 gene, has been linked to restless legs syndrome, a common sleep disorder, with an overall odds ratio of 0.96 (CI: 0.77-1.17) for the (G) risk allele. The association from this region that gives the highest association to restless legs syndrome, however, is a haplotype consisting of the rs6710341(A) and rs12469063(G) alleles. This haplotype gives rise to an odds ratio of 2.75 (CI: 2.23-3.41).

rs12469063, a SNP located in the MEIS1 gene, has been linked to restless legs syndrome, a common sleep disorder, with an overall odds ratio of 1.78 (CI: 1.52-2.10) for the (G) risk allele. The association from this region that gives the highest association to restless legs syndrome, however, is a haplotype consisting of the rs6710341(A) and rs12469063(G) alleles. This haplotype gives rise to an odds ratio of 2.75 (CI: 2.23-3.41). MEIS1 intronic risk haplotype associated with restless legs syndrome affects its mRNA and protein expression levels. Replication of restless legs syndrome loci in three European populations. Genotyping sleep disorders patients. [OMIM:?]

rs2300478, a SNP located in the MEIS1 gene, has been linked to restless legs syndrome, a common sleep disorder, with an overall odds ratio of 1.78 (CI: 1.52-2.09) for the (G) risk allele . The association between this SNP and RLS has been replicated in three European populations, within family lines but not in sporadic cases . The highest association to restless legs syndrome is a haplotype consisting of the rs6710341(A) and rs12469063(G) alleles. This haplotype gives rise to an odds ratio of 2.75 (CI: 2.23-3.41) . Variants in MEIS1 rs2300478, BTBD9 rs9357271, and MAP2K5/SKOR1 rs1026732 confer a significant risk of RLS in a US population. In another study, rs2300478 was not associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Association studies of variants in MEIS1, BTBD9, and...